Association between Facial Types and Handedness among Students of Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Bayero University, Kano

Background: Generally, a person's dominant hand is a simple and precise determinant of his preference for hand use in fine manual tasks. The main tools used in forensics are derived from the relationships between anthropometric features with important physical and /or biological traits. Objective: This study was to determine the association between facial types and handedness among students of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences of Bayero University, Kano. Methodology: Cross-sectional study design with a consecutive sampling of 400 (180 males and 220 females) students (aged 18 and above) of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Bayero University, Kano was carried out. Facial height (FH) and facial width (FW) were measured using established landmarks and the facial index (FI) was calculated from them. The dominant handedness of each participant was determined using the writing component of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. This procedure involved asking the participants to mention which of their hands was dominant. The participant was then asked to write a sentence regarding the activitieshe/she was carrying out at the point of recruitment to ascertain the claim made by the participants. The sentence was written separately using each hand. All the data obtained were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version 20.0). Results: The study population was relatively young (21.76 ± 2.77 years). Right-handedness was the commonest hand dominance observed in both males (90.7%) and females (91.7%). The commonest types of face were the hypereuriproscopic 2 (0.5%), Euriproscopic 41 (10.3%), Mesoproscopic 78 (19.5%), Leptoproscopic 127 (31.8%) and Hyperleptoproscopic 152 (37%) facial types. The majority of the participants were right-handed and this was regardless of gender. The prediction of handedness based on facial types (ꭕ2 = 1.39, Df =3, P = 0.85) or facial index (P = 0.92, OR=0.99, CI = 0.82 ­ 1.19) was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The facial types identified among the study population were not associated with their handedness and thus it was not a good predictor of handedness

Association between anthropometry and cardiovascular risk in patients attending a diabetic clinic

Background Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with increasing evidence to suggest visceral adiposity as a greater risk factor for CVD than body mass index (BMI). Objectives To determine a relationship between hypertension (HPT) and anthropometry in people living with diabetes (PLWD) in an HIV endemic area. Methods This was a retrospective study analysing data captured from standardised clinic sheets from the DM clinic at the Harry Gwala Regional Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Results Data from 957 PLWD were used for the study, the majority of whom had T2DM (811; 86.2%). Approximately one-sixth of the cohort had HIV infection (146; 15.3%). There was no significant difference in HPT prevalence between the HIV-uninfected (77.9%) and PLWD who had HIV (PLWDHIV) (78.1%). Multivariate analysis revealed females with increased waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WTHR) were 57.8 (95% CI 3.04­1096.33) (p = 0.007) and 87.2 (95% CI 4.88­1558.28) (p = 0.002) times more likely to be hypertensive respectively. By contrast, only BMI in males was associated with HPT with a AOR 5.294 (95% CI 1.54 - 18.22) (p = 0.008). HIV status was non-contributory to anthropometry in predicting HPT in PLWD. Conclusion Our study found that anthropometric indices are not all equal predictors of HPT. The authors advocate for local guidance on gender-specific cut-offs on anthropometry in PLWD.

Baseline anthropometric measurements and obesity among students in Sagamu, Ogun State, southwest, Nigeria

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the anthropometric characteristics and prevalence of obesity among secondary and undergraduate students in Sagamu. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a selection of 260 students aged 10 to 33 years in Sagamu using a convenience sampling method. The weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences of each subject were measured. The body mass index was then calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and p-values< 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The age ranges were 1o to 17 years (Secondary school (SS) students) and 14 to 33 years (undergraduate students). There were 130 students in each group, comprising 52.7% males and 47.4% females. Underweight was commoner among the SS students (20.8% versus 6.2%). Most of the subjects were of normal weight 52.3% in SS and 68.5% in undergraduates. Only 3.1% of SS students were obese compared to 4.6% of undergraduate students. The mean BMI of SS students (22.2± 0.39 versus 23.24±0.34) was statistically lower (p=0.019). The mean waist circumference of SS students (66.92±0.44 versus 74.64±0.67) was also statistically lower (p=0.000). The mean BMI of SS students was higher in females than in male subjects (23.14±0.62 versus 20.86±0.42). The mean waist and hip circumferences and BMI were lower in female subjects for both study groups. Conclusions: The mean BMI and hip circumferences were higher in female subjects while the mean waist circumferences were lower in females than males in both study groups.

Determinants of developmental milestones among children 0- 23 months at Kabale Hospital, Uganda

BACKGROUND :Approximately 200 million children globally fail to fulfil their development potential due to malnutrition, poor health, and unstimulating environments. Children in Kabale, Uganda, may be at particularly high risk as the rate of malnutrition in the region is likely to impact development. The study aimed to identify possible determinants influencing developmental milestones of breastfed and non-breastfed children aged 0-23 months. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted at the young child clinic of Kabale hospital, among 250 children aged 0-23 months and their caregivers, for two months. The study adopted a comparative cross-sectional design, and systematic random sampling was used to select the respondents for the study. The socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional status, and feeding practices were assessed using structured pretested questionnaires. Developmental milestones of the children (communication, motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and social skills) were assessed using the modified ages and stages questionnaires. The data collected was tabulated, analysed statistically, and the results interpreted. RESULTS :Developmental scores were not associated with breastfeeding and minimum meal frequency. A milestone achievement of communication skills was associated with caregiver's education, caregiver's age and length-for-age. Gross motor scores were associated with the caregiver's age, weight-for-age, and length for age. Achievement of fine motor skills was associated with caregiver's education, caregiver's age, child's age, length for age, and children who met the minimum dietary diversity score. Problem-solving scores were associated with child's age, weight for age, length for age, and children who met the minimum dietary diversity. Personal social scores were associated with lower caregiver's age and normal weight for age Conclusion: Developmental scores were not associated with breastfeeding and minimum meal frequency. Development in early childhood was mainly associated with caregiver's age, caregiver's education, child's age, weight for age, length for age, and minimum dietary diversity score. Children under the care of younger caregivers and those who attained normal nutrition status had significantly more developed motor and social skills compared to children with older caregivers and undernourished children, respectively.

Estimation of stature by anatomical anthropometric parameters in first-year regular undergraduate students at Debre Markos University, North West Ethiopia

Introduction: The stature of an individual is an inherent characteristic and is considered as an important parameter of personal identification. Estimating stature from the measurement of various body parts is of particular interest to forensic scientists, anatomists and medical researchers in order to complete biological profiles after death or when measuring standing height is impossible. However, establishing the identity of an individual from mutilated, decomposed and amputated body fragments is a challenging task in medico-legal cases, and a necessity when measuring standing height is difficult. Objectives of the study: To assess the relationship between anatomical anthropometric measurements and stature in undergraduate students at Debre Markos University (DMU), Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: An institutional-based, cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted among first-year undergraduate students at DMU. The sample size was 572 and data were collected from April to June 2018. Height, weight, head circumference, head length, inter-acromial length, humeral length, ulnar length, hand length and breadth, tibial length, and foot length and breadth were measured in both sexes. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 statistical software. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of study participants was 21.27±1.74 years for males and 20.41±1.58 years for females. The mean height of study participants was 168.36±5.89cm for males and 165.24±4.01cm for females. The correlation coefficients (R) of anatomical anthropometric measurements with height were: head circumference (males R = 0.404, females R = 0.127), head length (males R = 0.422, females R = 0.168), inter-acromial length (males R = 0.530, females R = 0.140), right humeral length (males R = 0.539, females R = 0.163), left humeral length (males R = 0.535, females R = 0.159), right ulnar length (males R = 0.496, females R = 0.147), left ulnar length (males R = 0.498, females R = 0.144), right hand length (males R = 0.276, females R = 0.125), left hand length (males R = 0.243, females R = 0.122), right hand breadth (males R = 0.349, females R = 0.129), left hand breadth (males R = 0.331, females R = 0.124), right tibial length (males R = 0.634, females R = 0.259), left tibial length (males R = 0.632, females R = 0.258), right foot length (males R = 0.579, females R = 0.185), left foot length (males R = 0.581, females R = 0.186), right foot breadth (males R = 0.311), left foot breadth (males R = 0.306). The highest correlation was found in the right tibial length in both males and females. Conclusions: All anatomical anthropometric parameters were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with height in both sexes, except foot breadth in females. Therefore, all anatomical anthropometric parameters, including head circumference, head length, inter-acromial length, humeral length, ulnar length, hand length, hand breadth, tibial length, foot length and foot breadth, can estimate stature in both sexes, except foot breadth in females

Pattern of serum electrolytes and cortisol levels in Nigerians with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder, the commonest endocrine disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Studies on electrolytes derangement in complicated diabetes abound but there are few in uncomplicated diabetes. To determine, compare and correlate serum electrolytes and Cortisol levels in a cohort of uncomplicated type 2 diabetics. A cross sectional study of sixty (60) type 2 diabetes patients of 5-10 years duration without complications and 50 healthy non-diabetic controls that were recruited from the diabetes and general out-patient clinics of a tertiary care facility over 3 months. Using a study questionnaire, information on age, anthropometry, fasting blood Glucose, serum electrolytes and Cortisol were obtained and analyzed following standard procedures. The mean 2 age (years) of diabetics was 49.58 ( ± 11.2) and controls 47.00 ( ± 12.1) and their BMI (Kg/m )[26.47 ( ± 3.97) vs 25.77 ( ± 4.85) respectively were not significantly different (p=0.524; p=0.407). The Waist-hipratio (WHR) was significantly higher in diabetics [0.933 ± 0.004 vs 0.905 ± 0.83) p=0.024]. The mean values of studied parameters among the diabetics and controls respectively are as follows: fasting blood glucose (FBG) [138.4 ± 78.7 vs 82.5 ± 73.7 mg/dl]; serum electrolytes: Sodium 139.0 ± 8.4 vs 142 ± 4.2mg/dl], Potassium [5.2 ± 1.4 vs 4.1 ± 0.53mg/dl] and Chloride [99.3 ± 6.8 vs 104.5 ± 5.0 mg/dl] with significant differences in each (p=0.000, 0.011, 0.000, 0.000 respectively). The mean serum Cortisol was not statistically different [125.5 ± 43.2 vs 121.5 ± 61.3 ng/mL (p=0.693)]. There was no correlation between the various serum electrolytes and Cortisol levels. Electrolytes imbalance in uncomplicated diabetes are present, with higher potassium and lower sodium than in controls with no accompanying change in Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal activity as measured by serum Cortisol level. This derangement in electrolyte level may be attributed to hyperglycaemia, osmotic diuresis and dietary habit

Assessment of wasting and associated factors among under five children of Wukro town, Tigray regional, North Ethiopia: a cross sectional study

Introduction: globally, 50 million children under 5 were wasted; of which 16 million were severely wasted. A severely wasted child is at a nine times higher risk of dying. To prevent this problem, it is necessary to determine the magnitude and factors associated with childhood wasting. In Ethiopia specifically Wukro town, Tigray regional state there is no clear information regarding under five wasting. Therefore, the study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of wasting among under five children in wukro town,North Ethiopia. Objective: to assess the prevalence of wasting and associated factors among under five children of Wukro town, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2017/2018.Methods: community based cross-sectional study design with a single population proportion formula was used with a total sample size of 400 children. Wukro town has three kebele, two kebelle were included in the study through simple random sampling method. There was proportional allocation of subjects to each kebelle and final study subject was selected using systematic method. In case there were more than one child in the household one child was selected randomly. The data were collected by face to face interview and measuring of weight and height after the instrument was pre-tested. The anthropometric results were entered in to Emergency nutritional assessment (ENA) to calculate Z-Score. The collected data and result of Z-score were entered in to Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. Finally, results were presented in texts, graphs and tables. Results: a total of 394 under five children were participated in this study, which gave a response rate of 98.5%. The respondents were females 222(56.3%) and 106(26.95%) were in the age group of 12-23 month. The overall prevalence of wasting was 28(7.2%). Out of this 14(3.6%) were wasted and 14(3.6%) were severely wasted. Under five children those, whose family does not live together were 3.086 times more likely to be wasted compared to under five children those, whose family live together (P=.038, OR=3.086, & 95% CI= (1.061, 8.970)). Under five children those, whose mother did not taken family planning were 2.530 times more likely to be wasted compared to under five children those, whose mother take family planning (P=.038, OR=2.530, & 95% CI= (1.054, 6.074)).Conclusion: significant numbers of mothers were not taken extra food during pregnancy and lactation. There was significant prevalence of wasting of under five children in the study area. Living condition of family and usage of family planning were associated with increased risk of wasting

Relationship between refraction, anthropometrics, and educational status in a Nigerian young adult population

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a correlation between reading problems and binocular function, but few studies have assessed visual skills in dyslexic students, particularly in Iranian Farsi-language students. This study is aimed to determine some of the binocular functions of dyslexic children and compare it with a group of age, sex, and social class-matched control children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a case­control study on 27 dyslexic children and 40 age, sex, and social class-matched control children (all between 7 and 13 years old) in grades one to six. This study was performed at three elementary schools in Tehran, Iran. Monocular and binocular near point of accommodation (NPA) were measured using the subjective push-up method, near point of convergence (NPC) was determined using the standard push-up technique, and stereoacuity was tested with the Titmus stereotypes in all of the children. RESULTS: Mean NPA of the right eye was 6.90 cm in dyslexic group and 5.98 cm in the control group (P = 0. 003). Mean NPA of the left eye in dyslexic children was 7.32 cm and in the control group was 6.23 cm (P = 0. 003). Mean binocular NPA was 6.66 cm in dyslexic and 6 cm in the control group (P = 0. 049). However, mean NPC (P = 0.33) and mean stereoacuity (P = 0.785) did not differ significantly between the dyslexic and control groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed a reduced monocular and binocular NPA in dyslexic children so that this function should be assessed by an optometric clinician in children with dyslexia

Mesures anthropométriques faciales chez les jeunes adultes d'Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Introduction : Les mesures anthropométriques faites directement à partir des visages sont utilisées pour établir des proportions faciales qui sont des déterminants de la beauté faciale. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer les dimensions anthropométriques faciales des jeunes adultes à Ile-Ife, au Nigeria.Patients et méthodes : Cent étudiants en médecine (50 hommes et 50 femmes) sélectionnés à l'Université d'Odile Awolowo Ile-Ife, ont eu douze mesures anthropométriques faciales faites directement sur eux avec un étrier numérique électronique. La taille, le poids, l'Indice de Masse Corporelle (IMC) des participants ont été déterminés, les indices faciaux ont ensuite été calculés. Résultats : Les dimensions anthropométriques faciales moyennes étaient généralement plus grandes chez les hommes que chez les femmes, les différences entre les sexes étaient significatives (p < 0,05) à l'exception de la largeur zygomatique, les dimensions du vermillon des lèvres supérieures et inférieures et des dimensions faciales angulaires (p > 0,05). Le type de visage dominant a été mésoprosope chez les participants féminins (40%), les participants masculins ont principalement présenté le type hyperleptoprosope (32%), le type facial hypereuroprosope était le moins commun. Le type facial et l'IMC ont montré une faible corrélation négative (r = -0,144 p = .152).Conclusion : Les dimensions anthropométriques faciales moyennes d'un groupe de jeunes adultes nigérians ont été déterminées, et des différences significatives ont été identifiées entre les deux sexes. Les participants présentaient des mâchoires plus larges, des distances inter-canthales, des bases nasales, des bouches et des lèvres supérieures et inférieures plus épaisses que les caucasiens, les asiatiques, les chinois et les malaisiens. Le type facial dominant était mésoprosope

Étude anthropométrique et pelvimétrique externe chez les nullipares de Lubumbashi: facteurs de risque et score prédictif de la dystocie mécanique

Introduction: la morbi-mortalité maternelle et périnatale reste élevée dans la majeure partie de l'Afrique subsaharienne par rapport au reste du monde. Dépister, avant le travail, les femmes à risque de dystocies mécaniques et les référer à un hôpital mieux équipé pour accouchement contribue à la stratégie visant à réduire la morbi-mortalité. L'objectif de cette étude est de développer un score prédictif de la dystocie mécanique lors de l'accouchement chez les nullipares congolaises. Méthodes: il s'agit d'une étude transversale analytique sur les nullipares avec des grossesses uniques dans 7 maternités de la ville de Lubumbashi (RDC). La taille, le poids et les mensurations pelvimétriques externes maternelles ont été récoltés et analysés. Une analyse univariée et une analyse multivariée étaient réalisées. La discrimination du score était évaluée à l'aide de la courbe ROC.Résultats: nous avons recruté 535 nullipares au cours de la période d'étude, dont 126 (23,55%) avaient accouché pacésarienne indiquée pour dystocie mécanique. Après modélisation logistique, trois critères sont ressortis comme facteurs prédictifs de dystocie mécanique: la taille maternelle <150cm (ORajusté=2,96 [1,49-5,87]), le diamètre bi-ischiatique <8cm (ORajusté=15,96 [3,46-73,56]) et le diamètre prépubien de Trillat <11cm (ORajusté=2,34 [1,36-4,01]). L'aire sous la courbe ROC du score est de 0,6549 avec une sensibilité de 23,81%, une spécificité de 97,80% et une valeur prédictive positive de 76,92%.Conclusion: il a été observé que les valeurs de 10ème percentile des trois mesures anthropométriques maternelles étaient prédictives de la dystocie mécanique. Lorsqu'elles étaient utilisées ensemble, ces trois valeurs permettaient de développer un score de dépistage à faible coût pour une utilisation dans les milieux à faible revenu

Comparative analysis of anthropometric indices of obesity as correlates and potential predictors of risk for hypertension and prehypertension in a population in Nigeria

Background: Obesity is a well-established independent risk factor for hypertension and other cardiometabolic disorders. However, the best anthropometric index of obesity that predicts or associates strongly with hypertension and related conditions remains controversial and inconclusive.Objective: This study compared the performance of eight anthropometric indices of obesity: body mass index (BMI), ponderal index (PI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist­hip ratio (WHR), waist­height ratio(WHtR), body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index (CI) as correlates and potential predictors of risk of hypertension and prehypertension in a Nigerian population, and also the possible effect of combining two or more indices in that regard.Methods: This church-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Anambra state, south-eastern Nigeria from 2012 to 2013. A total of 912 persons (436 male and 476 female) drawn randomly from three major cities (Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi) in the state participated in the study. Information on demography, medical history and lifestyle were obtained using a well-structured and validated questionnaire. The systolic/diastolic blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were taken by well-trained personnel. The resulting data were analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, Poisson regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Results: The mean values of all the anthropometric indices studied increased from normotension, through prehypertension to hypertension in both genders. BMI, WC, HC and CI were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females than males. All the anthropometric indices studied were significantly (p < 0.001 except for CI) correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. BMI, WHtR, WC and PI (with higher correlation coefficients for blood pressure) showed the best potential to predict hypertension and prehypertension in the study: BMI (cut-off = 24.49, AUC = 0.698; cut-off = 23.62, AUC = 0.659), WHtR (cut-off = 0.55, AUC = 0.682; cut-off = 0.5, AUC = 0.636), WC (cut-off = 91.44, AUC = 0.692; cut-off = 82.55, AUC = 0.645), PI (cut-off = 14.45, AUC = 0.670; cut-off = 13.69, AUC = 0.639), in males; and BMI (cut-off = 24.44, AUC = 0.622; cut-off = 28.01, AUC = 0.609), WHtR (cut-off = 0.51, AUC = 0.624; cut-off = 0.6, AUC = 0.572), WC (cut-off = 96.62, AUC = 0.616; cut-off = 96.52, AUC = 0.584), PI (cut-off = 16.38, AUC = 0.619; cut-off = 17.65, AUC = 0.599), in females for hypertension and prehypertension, respectively. In predicting hypertension risk, WC and WHtR did not significantly improve the performance of BMI in the models when included using our decision rule. Overall, CI had a very poor discriminatory power for both conditions in this study.Conclusion: BMI, WHtR, WC and PI emerged the best predictors of hypertension risk, and BMI, WC and PI of prehypertension risk in this study. The combination of high-performing anthropometric indices in a model did not improve their performance. Therefore we recommend the simultaneous but independent use of BMI and either WC or WHtR for predicting hypertension, and BMI and WC for prehypertension risk, bearing in mind that both types of index (abdominal and general obesity) account for different forms of obesity

Obesity in Botswana: time for new cut-off points for abdominal girth?

Introduction: Country-specific cut-off points for defining central obesity in black Africans are long overdue. Methods: Anthropometric data from 215 (51.4%) male and 203 (48.6%) female patients seen in Gaborone between 2005 and 2015 were analysed to establish appropriate cut-off points for waist circumference (WC) corresponding to a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2. Relative risks for cardiometabolic disorders were calculated for different BMI and WC categories using MedCalc®. The subjects' mean age was 50.0 ± 10.8 years and 80.6% were Botswana.Results: Only 7.2% of patients had a BMI < 25 kg/m2, 27.3% were overweight and 65.5% were obese; mean BMI was 34.9 ± 6.5 kg/m2 in the women versus 31.0 ± 4.9 kg/m2 in the men(p < 0.0001). New cut-off points of 98 cm in men and 85 cm in women emerged. Different weight and WC categories appeared not to confer increased relative risk of hypertension, dysglycaemia or dyslipidaemia.Conclusion: The proposed WC cut-off values, if validated, should set the pace for larger studies across sub-Saharan Africa

Nutritional status of children on the National School Nutrition Programme in Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Background. School feeding programmes are intended to alleviate short-term hunger, improve nutrition and cognition of children, andprovide incomes to families.Objectives. To assess the nutritional status of children receiving meals provided by the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) inCapricorn Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa.Methods. The setting was 18 randomly selected schools on the NSNP in Capricorn District. The total sample comprised 602 randomlyselected schoolchildren from grades 4 to 7, aged 10 (26.6%), 11 (35.4%) and 12 (35.4%). Socioeconomic characteristics, anthropometricmeasurements, dietary patterns and school attendance were determined. Children were interviewed to assess their nutritional status using avalidated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations (SDs) and ranges were used for socioeconomic parametersand dietary patterns, and z-scores for anthropometric data.Results. The results showed that boys (9.5%) and girls (7.8% ) were underweight. The prevalence of stunting in the sample was 11.3% forboys and 7.4% for girls, whereas boys (3.6%) and girls (4.2%)were wasted, with az-score of ­2 SD. School attendance was good.Conclusion. The nutritional status of most subjects in the study was within the acceptable range as indicated by the assessment of growthusing anthropometric measurements

Predictors of obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk in South African children

Background.Obesity is a major public health problem in developed countries, and is also a growing concern in developing nations. This study assessed the predictors of overweight and obesity in South African (SA) children and adolescents, and examined the extent to which these dependent measures correlate with cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk.Objectives. To assess the predictors of overweight and obesity in SA children and adolescents.Methods. A total of 1 361 (boys, n=678; girls, n=683) children aged 9 - 11 (boys, n=455; girls, n=411) and adolescents aged ≥12 - 13 (boys, n=288; girls n= 267) participated in the study. The children's anthropometric and physiological measurements were taken. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and used to classify the children as underweight, of normal weight overweight or obese, as well as to screen them for CMD risk.Results. Findings indicated that 81.2%, 17.4%, 0.9 and 0.5% of the children (<12 years old) were underweight, of normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. For adolescents (12 - 13 years old), 63.0%, 32.5%, 3.4% and 1.0% were underweight, of normal weight, overweight and obese, respectively.Provincial analysis of the results showed that the likelihood of a girl in Mpumalanga Province becoming overweight or obese was 0.33 times that of a female child in Limpopo Province.Conclusion. Periodic assessment of predictors of obesity and CMD disease risk in SA children is necessary. Intervention and prevention strategies are also needed to curb the rising tendency of CMD risk among the youths

Evaluation des courbes de corpulence de 9307 élèves du primaire de la ville de Tsévié: résultat d'une analyse descriptive sur des paramètres anthropométriques

Contexte : Les courbes de croissance représentent un outil essentiel pour évaluer dans quelle mesure les besoins physiologiques nécessaires à la croissance des enfants sont satisfaits Objectif: Décrire les paramètres anthropométriques des élèves du pré-scolaire et du primaire de la ville de Tsévié (Togo).Patients et méthode: Il s'est agi d'un recensement des élèves du préscolaire et du primaire de la ville de Tsévié (Togo) pendant 3 mois. Le poids et la taille de tous les élèves ont été mesurés permettant le calcul de l'indice de masse corporelle (le poids en kg/taille en m²).Résultats: Neuf mille trois cent sept élèves du pré et du scolaire âgés de 2 à 20 ans ont été inclus. Le poids moyen de l'élève de 3 ans était de 13,82 ± 1,89 kg, la taille moyenne était de 87 ± 5,22 cm, l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) moyen de 14,53 ± 2,29 kg/m². A 6 ans, il a un poids moyen de 18,53 ± 2,48 kg; une taille moyenne de 114,14 ± 5,12 cm et un IMC moyen de 14,20 ± 1,42 kg/m². A 10 ans, il a un poids moyen de 27,60 ± 4,95 kg, une taille moyenne de 133,76 ± 7,98 cm et un IMC moyen de 15,33± 1,62 kg/m². La totalité des élèves étaient en état de maigreur.Conclusion: Le fait que l'étude ait comme cadre l'école exclut les enfants non scolarisés. Les portes à portes auraient pu permettre d'atteindre ceux-ci. . Ceci rendrait l'étude plus couteuse beaucoup plus couteuse étant donné qu'il aurait fallu aller dans l'ensemble des ménages de la ville. L'établissement de ces paramètres nous permettra de suivre la croissance des enfants et une sensibilisation est nécessaire pour une meilleure alimentation de la population

Prostate cancer detected by screening in a semi urban community in Southeast Nigeria: Correlations and associations between anthropometric measurements and prostate-specific antigen

Context: Prostate cancer (PCa) is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages in Nigeria. Aims: To determine the screen detected PCa prevalence in a suburban community and explore any relationships between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and anthropometric measurements. Settings and Design: Nsukka is a town and local government area (LGA) in Southeast Nigeria in Enugu State. Towns that share a common border with Nsukka are Edem Ani, Alor-uno, Opi, Orba, and Ede-Oballa. Nsukka LGA has an area of 1810 km2 and a population of 309,633 at the 2006 census. All consecutive responders who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. Subjects and Methods: A screening outreach was conducted in one location in Nsukka. PSA testing and digital rectal examinations were performed. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Statistical Analysis Used: Results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, with significance level set at P< 0.05. Pearson's correlation was conducted for interval data (P < 0.05). Results: One-hundred and sixty men met the inclusion criteria and were screened. Age range was 40­81 years; PSA range was 1.20­33.9 ng/ml. Digital rectal examinations (DREs) was abnormal in 17 men. Median BMI was 27.49. A Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between age and PSA, r = 0.127; P ≤ 0.05, and DRE findings and PSA, r = 0.178; P ≤ 0.05. There was no significant correlation between height and PSA, r = −0.99; P = 0.211; weight and PSA, r = −0. 81 P = 0.308; and BMI and PSA, r = −0.066; P = 0.407. 8/21 men consented to prostate biopsy with three positive, giving a screen detected PCa prevalence of 1.875%. Conclusions: Screen detected PCa prevalence in high this population and efforts to improve early detection may be of value in improving treatment outcomes

Nutritional Evaluation Using Dfferent Anthropometric Variables in Nigerian School Children

The anthropometric characteristics of 600 apparently healthy children of ages between 5 and 10 years of Gbagyi tribe of Abuja Nigeria; consisting of males (n = 300) with a mean age of 7.10 ? 1.98 and females (n = 300) with a mean age of 7.68 ? 1.86 were selected for the evaluation of their nutritional status using different anthropometric variables. The anthropometric characteristic of their height; age; weight; mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC); chest circumference and body mass index (BMI) was measured and analysed statistically for any significant difference; and correlation between the parameters studied. The results show some significant differences (P = 0.05) between the anthropometric parameters and a significant correlation (=0.001) between the height and BMI; and other parameters in males and females. The study derived a linear regression and a multiple linear regression equations for Gbagyi children from which height; age; weight; MUAC; chest circumference and BMI could be predicted if one factor is known. The results from the present study provided an insight into the nutritional status of Nigerian school children of Gbagyi tribe of Abuja using the BMI and MUAC which showed if a child is malnourished; overweight or obese. The results from the present study show that there is a positive correlation between height and age; and other parameters indicating that height could be predicted using age; weight; BMI; chest circumference and MUAC; while BMI and mid upper arm circumference could be a useful tool in the estimation of nutritional status among Nigerian school children of Gbagyi tribe of Abuja

Age at Menarche among School Girls in Sokoto; Northern Nigeria

Background/Objectives: Menarche; the first menstrual period; is influenced by many factors including socio-economic status and rural or urban dwelling. The aims of the study were to compare the age at menarche between rural and urban girls and evaluate the anthropometric indices at menarche. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of rural secondary school girls and urban school girls. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on their age at menarche and other relevant data. Their weights and heights were measured using computerized scales and calibrated walls. Results: Two hundred and twenty eight (228) rural girls and four hundred and eighty (480) urban girls that had attained menarche within a year were studied. Mean age at menarche for all the girls was 15.26 years. Mean menarcheal age for the rural and urban girls were 15.32 years and 15.20 years; respectively. Mean weight and height were 47.6 kg and 156.76 cm; respectively for the rural girls and 48.12 kg and 156.8 cm; respectively for the urban girls. There was no significance difference in age of menarche among the groups (P 0.05). Conclusion: The mean age at menarche for the school girls is 15.26 years. There was no difference in menarcheal age between the rural and urban school girls. Further longitudinal studies to compare rural school girls and urban school girls in private schools are required